Peter Singers Argument in Famine, Affluence and Morality

This paper explores Peter Singer’s argument, in Famine, Affluence, and Morality, that we have morally required obligations to those in need. The explanation of his argument and conclusion, if accepted, would dictate changes to our lifestyle as well as our conceptions of duty and charity, and would be particularly demanding of the affluent. In response to the central case presented by Singer, John Kekes offers his version, which he labels the and points out some objections. Revisions of the principle provide some response to the objections, but raise additional problems. Yet, in the end, the revisions provide support for Singer’s basic argument that, in some way, we ought to help those in need. Singer presents his argument specifically in†¦show more content†¦I ought to prevent the bad because the mere presence of others does not lessen my duty. The inactions of others have no bearing on what I must do. And, every person in this case has an equal obligation to save the child’s life. The next premise relates to our individual obligation to give and is derived from the following: Given the equal obligation noted above, everyone should give his or her fair share. If everyone donates appropriately to famine relief in Africa, I would have no reason to give more than my fair share. But, in reality, this is not the case, so I must give more than my fair share to meet my obligation and I ought to give as much a possible up to the point of negative personal consequences to save as many lives as I can. This provides a foundation for premise three (P3) - Accepting the three premises seems to require us to reconsider the meaning of charity and duty. The obligation to give as much as we can becomes a matter of duty not charity. This upends the notion where charitable giving to those in need is praiseworthy, but failure is not to be condemned. By the force of Singer’s argument, failure to give is wrong because we must do everything in our power to direct every extra resource to those suffering from death and starvation. This changes our conception of giving from optional to obligatory. For example, it would wrong to buy a new shirt or enjoy a fine meal instead of giving to famine relief. Singer’s conclusion is simply ThisShow MoreRelatedI.Introduction. Famine Is A Highly Prevalent And Debated1106 Words   |  5 PagesI. Introduction Famine is a highly prevalent and debated topic. Written in November 1971, Peter Singer’s â€Å"Famine, Affluence, and Morality† addresses famine as a moral issue. Peter Singer, as a Professor of Bioethics at Princeton University, focuses on ethics and moral values, and with his text, I will analyze this moral dilemma and show that the reasonable and well-thought Peter Singer’s argument is successful. II. Peter Singer’s Argument Peter Singer begins by laying out two basic premises: 1.Read MoreThe Problem of Poverty in Famine, Affluence, and Morality by Peter Singer1112 Words   |  5 Pages Peter Singer is often regarded as one of the most productive and influential philosophers of modern times. He is well-known for his discussions of the acute social, economic, and political issues, including poverty and famines. In his â€Å"Famine, Affluence, and Morality†, Singer (1972) discusses the problem of poverty and hunger, as well as the way this problem is treated in the developed world. Singer believes that charity is inseparable from morality, and no distinction can be drawn between charityRead MoreFamine, Affluence and Morality1663 Words   |  7 PagesSinger’s Famine, Affluence, and Morality Ametra Heard PHI208 Ethics and Moral Reasoning Instructor Zummuna Davis January 14, 2013 Singer’s Famine, Affluence, and Morality In the Peter Singer’s article â€Å"Famine, Affluence, and Morality†, he discusses the way that people should take moral in their help toward the support of the Bengal famine crisis. Singer states three obligations that would help the Bengal region through the means of a wealthy person, and those individuals living life on a dayRead Moresociety poverty has various definitions that lack the true picture that poverty depicts. Dictionary500 Words   |  2 Pagesreflected in Peter Singer’s â€Å"Famine, Affluence and Morality† essay and the opposing essay written by John Arthur in â€Å"World hunger and moral obligation: the case against Singer.† Peter Singer raises the question of poverty and our obligations toward it in his essay â€Å"Famine, Affluence, and Morality†. In the essay, Singer addresses the question of what obligations we have toward those around the globe who are suffering from lack of food, shelter or basic needs. Singer uses the terms ‘relieving famine,’ butRead MorePhi 208- Peter Singer1214 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Famine, Affluence, and Morality† In Peter Singer’s 1972 article titled â€Å"Famine, Affluence and Morality†, he suggests that wealthy nations have an ethical duty to contribute much more than they do to other nations who are suffering through a natural disaster, extreme poverty, famine or other issues. In this paper, I will describe Singers objective and give his argument with regards to this issue. I will describe three counter-arguments to Singer’s view which he addresses, and after that revealRead MoreMorality of Giving Essays1074 Words   |  5 Pageswould say that although it is a good thing to do, one is not obligated to give anything. Other people would say that if a person has more than he needs, then he should donate a portion of what he has. Peter Singer, however, proposes a radically different view. His essay, â€Å"Famine, Affluence, and Morality,† focuses on the Bengal crisis in 1971 and claims that one is morally obligated to give as much as possible. His thesis supports t he idea that â€Å"We ought to give until we reach the level of marginal utilityRead MorePHI 208 Week 2 assignment Essay1302 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Famine, Affluence, and Morality PHI 208 Ethics and Moral Reasoning Famine, Affluence, and Morality In Peter Singer’s 1972 post titled â€Å"Famine, Affluence and Morality†, he conveys that wealthy nations, for example the United States, has an ethical duty to contribute much a lot more than we do with regards to worldwide assistance for famine relief and/or other disasters or calamities which may happen. In this document, I will describe Singers objectiveRead MoreDefense Of Singer s Shallow Pond Argument881 Words   |  4 PagesIn Defense of Singer’s Shallow Pond Argument Peter Singer is known in philosophy for many different writings, one of them being his â€Å"Famine, Affluence, and Morality† which includes his shallow pond argument. Many philosophers have argued against his shallow pond argument and for it, for many different reasons. In Singer’s â€Å"Famine, Affluence, and Morality†, he describes how he believes everyone’s approach to global poverty should be. He starts by describing how people in many places in the worldRead MoreFamine, Affluence, And Morality1555 Words   |  7 Pagesexperiencing famine, deaths and diseases in poor countries. However, the moral necessity of doing so has been controversial in human’s society for years. One philosopher named Peter Singer gives his opinion in the article â€Å"Famine, Affluence, and Morality†, and presents a powerful argument supporting his claim. In this essay, I will explain his conclusion and main argument, propose one objection to his argument, and evaluate the validity of my objection by considering possible response that Peter SingerRead MoreEssay on Duty versus Charity: Why a Distinction is Essential1256 Words   |  6 Pages1970’s, the South Asian region of East Bengal (then East Pakistan, now the country of Ban gladesh) was undergoing a severe famine, due to rampant poverty, a civil war and frequent cyclones. The lack of overseas help to this impoverished region was probably what triggered Peter Singer to write the article Famine, Affluence and Morality, wherein he claims that world hunger and famine can be prevented and possibly eradicated if everyone in the wealthy nations did their bit to help the sufferers monetarily

Biology And Reading Comprehension Exams - 943 Words

At the start and finish of a school year, a group of Italian third- and fifth-grade students with diverse sociocultural levels underwent two studies in which their concurrent and predictive validities of the Naglieri Nonverbal Ability Test (NNAT) and Raven’s Colored Progressive Matrices (CPM) were investigated. The focus of the studies was on their math and reading comprehension exams. The NNAT study is a â€Å"nonverbal measure of general ability... intended to assess cognitive ability independently of linguistic and cultural background.† (1 Pearson) The CPM study is also a nonverbal test but, conversely, it measures the subjects’ reasoning abilities. These nonverbal studies were helpful in presenting meaningful data for forecasting the academic performance of students with diverse sociocultural levels. The studied group consisted of 253 participants. The participants’ characteristics were the following: (1) their average age was 9.4 years (with a standard deviation of 1.1 years of age), (2) 130 were female and 123 were male, and (3) 126 were in the third-grade and 127 were in the fifth-grade. Their Family Cultural Status (FCS) characteristics were the following: (A) Low: consisting of 86 participants (34% of the total pool of subjects)— (1) their average age was 9.5 years (with a standard deviation of 1.0 years of age), (2) 38 were female and 48 were male, and (3) 39 were in the third-grade and 47 were in the fifth-grade; (B) Moderate: consisting of 97 participants (38% of theShow MoreRelatedA Career in Surgery1246 Words   |  5 Pages When performing a sur ¬Ã‚ ¬gery, the surgeon is the main doctor in charge (Ferguson 28). â€Å"Becoming a surgeon can involve up to 14 years of study and training† (Ferguson 28). To become a surgeon, one should take biology, chemistry, health, mathematics, and English in high school (28). 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Corporate Governance in the Organization

Question: Describe the following points? 1) A brief description of the organisation and its background/industry. This description should be a short section only. 2) An outline of the bases or criteria for the review of the organisations governance. For example, mention which standards or guiding principles are relevant for the review, discuss their importance and why it is appropriate for you to use them. 3) A critical review of the organisations governance applying the relevant concepts, principles, standards or other tools and techniques learnt during this subject, in accordance with your discussion above. 4) A list of recommendations for suggested improvement based on your review. The recommendations should only be a short section in the overall report. Answer: Introduction Corporate Governance has become one of the most important factors in the organization for taking competitive advantage and also improving the economy of the nation (Mohamad, n.d.). A good corporate governance helps the organization to improve their brand reputation and also improve their organizational performance that becomes more beneficiary to stakeholders, shareholders, customers and suppliers of the organization. However, a poor corporate governance, have a negative impact on the financial performance and also reputation of the organization. Organizations that effectively follow the legislative norms properly, remain out of ethical issues and thus, execute better performance(Christensen, Kent and Stewart, 2010). This report highlights the corporate issues faced by HIH Insurance, a public listed company in Australia. Due to this issue, the organizations performance has been criticized publically. This paper investigates lack of proper corporate governance policies and procedures had led to the demise of HIH Insurance. Background of the organization HIH Insurance was founded by Ray Williams in the year 1968, later on in the year 1971,it was acquired by the British organization named CE Health PLC. HIH was an Australian based public listed organization. Before, 2001, it was ranked as the second largest organization in Australian general insurance sector and covered various areas like the private or public liability, workers compensation, commercial or industrial insurance. However, on 15th March 2001, put into temporary liquidation. It had an aggregate loss of about $A5.3 billion as the consequences of over-optimistic asset valuation and high under-estimation of its liabilities, which resulted into the greatest corporate fall in history of Australian (Hih.com.au, 2013). Criteria for the review of the organisations governance The term corporate governance can be defined as the obligation and rights structures between the stakeholders in the association (Aoki, 2001). Viable corporate governance is the component to verify that the employees of the organization compliments the privileges of the partners of the organization furthermore verify that the partners are acting dutifully concerning distribution, generation and assurance of the wealth of the organization. Poor corporate governance can lead to high dangers, unpredictability and low rate of return furthermore degenerate practices. According to Brown and Caylor (2004) organizations with weak corporate enactment to be less secure than organizations with stronger corporate impact. The purpose behind such poor corporate impact is indiscreet corporate influential practices that have tremendous cost on the reputation of the organization financers, buyers and different partners in this way raising the cost of capital and hurting other stakeholders of the orga nization (Tricker, 2009). The principles based on which the HIH Insurance will be reviewed are as follows: Financial Reporting: Financial reporting along with good corporate governance is a key drive towards development of the economy. Thus, a proper financial reporting system should give all the necessary information about the organization and its financial performance to its stakeholders and shareholders. This system should always be reliable, free from predisposition and ought to empower correlation on the premise proper standard benchmarks (Tricker, 2012). An organization's financial reporting give different monetary data that speculators and leasers utilization to assess an organization's financial execution. Financial explanations are additionally critical to an organization's supervisors in light of the fact that by distributed monetary articulations, administration can correspond with intrigued outside gatherings about its achievement running the organization. Therefore, it requires a suitable financial reporting framework that consolidates standards of accounting and reflects a h ealthy financial performance of the organization while guaranteeing lawfully enforceable responsibility. Composition of Board: As defined through the framework of corporate governance, the board actually makes sure transparency, fairness and accountability to maintain proper relationship with the stakeholders. Therefore, the board plays a key role in the mechanism of corporate governance (Tricker, 2012). The board is in charge of guaranteeing that the enterprise has decently characterized and secured shareholder rights, a strong control environment, elevated amounts of straightforwardness and exposure, and keeps the diversions of the organization and those of all shareholders aligned1. The board is in charge of coordinating and controlling the matter of its organization and is responsible to shareholders for its execution. According to the Code of Corporate Governance of UK, a board and its committee should comprise of directors with the fitting parity of aptitudes, experience, autonomy and learning of the organization to empower it to release its obligations and obligations successfully (out-law.com, 2010). A board that comprises of executives with a various set of utilitarian ability (promoting, designing, money, and so forth.) industry experiences, instructive capabilities, ethnic and sex blend may be better outfitted to manage a wide scope of issues confronting the firm and furnish officials with counsel and discussion from numerous points of view Committee Composition: The committee of corporate governance mainly comprises of compensation committee and audit committee. They also play a vital role like directors in corporate governance. They mainly emphasize on supervising matters of corporate administration for the board, including forming and prescribing administration standards and arrangements (out-law.com, 2010). As its name infers, this panel is accused of upgrading the nature of chosen people to the board and guaranteeing the honesty of the choosing methodology. Further, their part is to screen the honesty of the organization's monetary articulations and declarations; to audit interior budgetary controls and (unless there is a different danger panel) hazard administration frameworks; to screen and audit the inner review capacity; to prescribe the arrangement or substitution of outside examiners and to survey the adequacy of their work; to create and execute approach on the utilization of the examiners for non-review adm inistrations. Remuneration: Executives' compensation is of authentic concern to the shareholders. They are qualified for expect that compensation will be 'sufficient to pull in and hold the executives expected to run the organization effectively'; and that 'the compensation of official executives ought to connection rewards to corporate and individual execution'. Hence, the remuneration advisory group ought to be specifically in charge of the pay of chiefs. This will give the advisory group a more prominent control more than an organization's pay rehearses. Moreover, the compensation advisory group ought to have oversight of compensation arrangement all through the business; however it will just set pay bundles for the most senior staff (Rogers, n.d.). Critical review of the organisations governance According to the annual report of HIH, 2000, before the collapse, the organization had net assets of $900million, total assets of $8.0billion, overall liabilities of $7.1billion and gross premium revenue of $2.8million. The main reason behind the collapse of HHI in the year 2001 was aggressive management style, running behind new businesses and also biasness towards the investment market (Cheng and Seeger, 2012). Further inconvenience emerged from distribution being over-dependent on broker business that was quite sensitive in nature. Issues related to cash flows also added to a tumble off in specialist business and troubles in offering auxiliaries to raise money. Further, according to the report of Royal Commissioner, Justice Neville Owen, the group faced this collapse due to inadequate saves against future cases. There was an absence of due process, an absence of breaking points on power, an absence of autonomous basic examination, an absence of management of irreconcilable situation, and an absence of information to the board and appropriate accounting policies and procedures. Additionally, the organization dealt with consistent divulgence, including the independence of the auditor, presentation of individual obligation for breach; standards of accounting; expensing of alternatives; compliance controls; and support of more prominent shareholder investment at different meetings. He also identified that the middle managers had made strides that brought about the distortion of the organization's records or returns held up with statutory powers. In a few cases, he watched, the current law did not achieve the moderate behaviour. Based on the above discussion, the HHI issues will be further detailed based on four areas discussed above, financial reporting, board structure, committee composition and remuneration. Financial Reporting: The financial report of HHI did not involve an evaluation of a substance's capacity to proceed to work as a going concern. The firm likewise neglected to manage various accounting irregularities. As per Royal Commission, it neglected to represent future pay tax reductions, conceded procurement costs, conceded data innovation expenses and goodwill. As indicated by his supposition, reviewer neglected to get sufficient proper confirmation under AUS 502 and should have issued a qualified sentiment (The Sydney Morning Herald, 2005). The official additionally watched issues of translation of accounting norms, selection of global accounting guidelines from 1 January 2005, and the requirement for the Australian Accounting Standards Board and its Urgent Issues Group to be better ready to give opportune exhortation on troublesome translation issues. Overall these issues was that consistence with accounting norms, while a necessity of the Corporations Act, did not associate with the privileged obligation under the Act for the records to give a genuine and reasonable perspective (seiofbluemountain.com, 2010). Board Structure: The HIH Board structure mainly included two founders one is Ray William an later on after his resignation; Rodney Adler was on the board. Ray William resigned from his managing director position on December 2000, just before the collapse, with severance agreement of worth $A5 million. However, both the board members were equally responsible for this financial catastrophe faced by the organization. Both the board members followed some unethical practices that ruined the organization. Due to their illegal and unethical behaviour, HIH had to face such a crisis. This implied that HIH had bungled its key business operations. The collapse specifically had negatively impacted on the stakeholders who needed insurance from unforeseen cataclysms however rather were cleared out with useless protection. After proper investigation by the Royal commission it was reported that Ray Williams pleaded for three different criminal charges (Alberici, 2004): Neglecting to legitimately practice his duties as directors, deluding investors in a yearly report by exaggerating the HIH benefit by $92 million and excluding a critical information about the organization trying to raise cash from general people Also, in the year 2005, April, it was reported that executive Rodney Adler was sentenced for 4.5 years penitentiary for three criminal accusations, which included (Blackman, 2013): Two counts of dispersing information even though, he knew that the information was false One count of getting cash by false or deluding proclamation One count for deliberately being exploitative and neglecting to release his obligations as director in compliance with common decency and to the greatest advantage of the HIH Committee Composition: The HIH committee mainly included three members in the Audit committee, Arthur Andersen as directors and two non-executives Justin Gardiner and Geoffrey Cohen and a finance director, Dominic Foder. Their main roles and responsibility was to keep keen observation on the financial performance of the organization in an ethical way. However, due their mismanagement, the organization had to see a huge loss. The lack of professional scepticism in these committee members has caused a huge loss to HIH (Watts, 2002). For Instance, before securing expenses brought about in getting and recording strategies of protection can be conceded and perceived as resources, they must be equipped for dependable estimation and must probably offer climb to premium income in consequent money related years. For this situation, Andersen did not work as for the recoverability of conceded obtaining expenses, depending rather, 'as an issue of expert judgment', upon HIH's recorded benefit, ma king lacking proof (ALLAN, 2006). Further, Dominic Fodera also was charged with 6 different criminal offences, which was however not disclosed related to this HIH Collapse. However, one of the spokewoman later on said that Fodera was due to four counts for misleading Section 1309(1) of the Corporations Act and two counts for dishonestly following the Section 232(2) of the Corporations Act (The Sydney Morning Herald, 2005). Remuneration: The governance of HIH is clearly taking into account stewardship for senior officials in light of the way that they are fit for moving cash to records of their picking. There was no proper disclosure of the remuneration given to the higher executives in HIH. This shows that there was lack of transparency with regards to the remuneration of directors also there is no such information related to the remuneration committee. The organization lacked in making proper remuneration committee that could have helped to have strong control on the directors action (Rogers, n.d.). Recommendation The main principle of corporate governance is to support the efficiency and transparency of the business sector and to bolster the principle of law. Specifically, they are concerned with the definition and implementation of shareholder rights and the managers role, therefore harmonising organizations interests with the investors and also its surroundings. The below mentioned recommendations can help HHI to harness such good governance environment: HHI ought to create and reveal the separate parts and obligations of board and administration.a. Create the capacities held to the board and those appointed to senior officials and unveil those capacitiesb. Unveil the procedure for assessing the execution of senior administrators HHI should have a leading body of a successful creation, size and duty to enough release its obligations and obligations.a. A larger part of the board ought to be autonomous chiefs.b. The CEOs and chairmans role ought not be practiced by the same single personc. Th e board ought to make a designation council. HHI should create a set of accepted rules and uncover the codea. Create an policy concerning differing qualities and uncover the policy or a synopsis of that strategy. The approach ought to incorporate necessities for the board to create measurable destinations for accomplishing sex assorted qualities for the board to evaluate every year both the goals and advance in attaining to them HHI should have a structure to freely confirm and shield the uprightness of their financial reporting HHI should advance auspicious and adjusted divulgence of all material matters concerning the organizationa. Making a written policy can maintain compliance HHI should regard the privileges of shareholders and encourage the powerful practice of those rightsa. Outline a communications policy for effective correspondence with shareholders and empowering their investment at general gatherings and reveal their strategy or a rundown of that approach. HHI should se cure a sound arrangement of risk oversight and administration and inward controla. The board ought to oblige administration to outline and execute the danger administration and inward control framework to deal with the organization's material business risks and report to it on whether those risks are being overseen viably. The board ought to unveil that administration has answered to it as to the viability of the organization's administration of its material business risks. HHI should guarantee that the level and creation of compensation is sufficient and sensible also that its relationship to execution is clear. Conclusion This report discusses the governance issues faced by HHI and how it has affected the performance of the organization. From, this report, it is clear that corporate governance should be enclosed under proper ethical standards, as the corporate world and the consumers are more concerned about the ethics code and practices. Following proper business ethics helps every organization to build up good relation with shareholders and the stakeholders. This report highlights the governance issue of HHI in four different areas, financial reporting, board structure, committee composition and remuneration. Analysing these four areas helps to understand the importance of these factors in corporate governance. Before concluding this report, the author gives some recommendations to improve the corporate governance practice that can help HHI to overcome this issue. References Aoki, M. (2001). Toward a comparative institutional analysis. 1st ed. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Alberici, E. (2004). 7.30 Report - 15/12/2004: Ray Williams and HIH: The Inside Story. [online] Abc.net.au. Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2004/s1266179.htm [Accessed 11 Mar. 2015]. ALLAN, G. (2006). THE HIH COLLAPSE: A COSTLY CATALYST FOR REFORM. DEAKIN LAW REVIEW, [online] 11(2), pp.137-159. Available at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1478context=lawpapers [Accessed 12 Mar. 2015]. Armstrong, C., Guay, W. and Weber, J. (2010). The role of information and financial reporting in corporate governance and debt contracting. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 50(2-3), pp.179-234. Blackman, M. (2013). Lecture Notes. [online] utas.edu.au. Available at: https://www.utas.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/399663/BFA506-UO-S2-2013.pdf [Accessed 11 Mar. 2015]. Brown, L. and Caylor, M. (2004). The Correlation between Corporate Governance and Company Performance. [online] solvay.edu. Available at: https://www.solvay.edu/EN/Programmes/Visiting%20professors/ docs/Brown_Firm_Performance.pdf [Accessed 12 Mar. 2015]. Cheng, S. and Seeger, M. (2012). Lessons Learned from Organizational Crisis: Business Ethics and Corporate Communication. IJBM, 7(12). Christensen, J., Kent, P. and Stewart, J. (2010). Corporate Governance and Company Performance in Australia. Australian Accounting Review, 20(4), pp.372-386. Hih.com.au, (2013). HIH Insurance - Home Page. [online] Available at: https://www.hih.com.au/ [Accessed 12 Mar. 2015]. Jones, M. (2011). Creative accounting, fraud and international accounting scandals. Chichester, West Sussex, England: John Wiley Sons. Mohamad, S. (n.d.). The Importance of Effective Corporate Governance. SSRN Journal. out-law.com, (2010). Composition and structure of the board the UK Corporate Governance Code. [online] Available at: https://www.out-law.com/page-8216 [Accessed 12 Mar. 2015]. out-law.com, (2010). The audit committee the UK Corporate Governance Code. [online] Available at: https://www.out-law.com/page-8219 [Accessed 12 Mar. 2015]. Rogers, P. (n.d.). ETHICAL OBLIGATIONS AND THE MANAGER: CASE STUDIES. [online] thomsonreuters.com.au. Available at: https://www.thomsonreuters.com.au/product/AU/files/720502412/chapter_13.2_case_studies.pdf [Accessed 11 Mar. 2015]. seiofbluemountain.com, (2010). HIH Insurance Limited: Corporate Governance and Corporate Excesses. [online] Available at: https://www.seiofbluemountain.com/upload/product/201010/2010jjfzh05a8.pdf [Accessed 12 Mar. 2015]. The Sydney Morning Herald, (2005). Former HIH exec Fodera in court. [online] Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/news/National/Former-HIH-exec-Fodera-in-court/2005/10/25/1130006110185.html [Accessed 11 Mar. 2015]. Tricker, B. (2012). Corporate Governance: Principles, Policies and Practices. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press. Tricker, R. (2009). Corporate governance. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Watts, T. (2002). A Report on Corporate Governance at Five Companies that Collapsed in 2001. [online] law.unimelb.edu.au. Available at: https://www.law.unimelb.edu.au/files/dmfile/Report_on_Governance_at_5_Failed_Companies_0310281.pdf [Accessed 11 Mar. 2015].

Describe Dropbox’s Freemium Pricing strategy of Dropbox- Free Sample

Questions: Freemium Pricing at Dropbox Dropbox provided remote-storage over the internet, also known as cloud storage, of any type of computer file. The name of the company came from the idea that their cloud storage service would allow users to drop files into a folder that could be accessed anywhere using the internet. This enabled file sharing, synchronization and backup. In six years, Dropbox had grown into a business with 200 million users saving more than a billion files per day, outpacing internet giants such as Amazon, Google, and Microsoft. Using a freemium pricing strategy whereby a basic service was free- of-charge and premium services were paid, Dropboxs user base was still growing quickly. But only an estimated 1.6 to 4.0% of its users provided any revenue to the company. Going forward, could Dropbox, an internet company with only a few hundred employees and one product offered to businesses and consumers, compete in the cloud storage space? If so, how? And should Dropbox continue with its freemium pricing or not? Required: 1. Describe Dropboxs Freemium Pricing strategy to get users and revenue. What was this strategy? What did the company hope to accomplish with this strategy? 2. What were the positive results of this strategy? 3. What were the negative results or failures of this strategy, if any?4. What was the strategy that Dropbox used for corporate/business customers? Describe this strategy and its results. 5. What other strategies can you think of that Dropbox could have chosen, instead of Freemium Pricing? Answers: 1. The Freemium Pricing Strategy was a customer driven strategy that led the Dropbox to hold large share in the market of cloud storage. Drop was considered to be the first successful organizations that offered this freemium pricing strategy in the market of cloud storage services. This strategy provided the users an opportunity to try their products at risk-free level (Gannes). This strategy was implemented by the organization in order to provide incentives to users for sharing this product with their employers and friends in exchange of more storage capacity. As per the services that Dropbox offers, the Freemium plan of action is clearly the model that it receives. Dropbox offers free services and charges cash if clients oblige more space. In 2011, 96% of its clients paid nothing, nonetheless, the organizer and CEO of Dropbox Drew Houston guaranteed it was at that point beneficial yet wouldn't uncover edges. 2. The pricing strategy had prior been on a B2B model which in the end multiplied to a B2C model through the freemium model. The layered pricing models are a Value based framework that identifies with an extensive variety of customers. Dropbox has some solid competitors; like iCloud which gives comparable services furthermore has simpler access to the 222 million users of Apple. In any case, among a huge number of organizations that offer comparative services now, Dropbox appreciates some different peculiarities. This method functioned admirably and prompted noteworthy new client procurement. In 2010, Dropbox's 4million present clients delivered around 2.8million direct referral welcomes which was around a referral rate of 70%. Through this the organization reported around 30% of the client referrals with respect to the services. Dropbox has more than 50 million clients, and another client is being included each second (Eisemann). The reason that Dropbox has encountered such hazardou s development is that its tackled the issue of information being spread crosswise over different gadgets like telephones, tablets and machines. 3. The users however can face few failures for using this strategy for instance (Gobry): For success of this freemium strategy, there is a need of lots of users. This idea would work effectively, if there is lots of millions of users, or else it is better to use premium route. There is also need of lot of returning users. This is very important that the users stick to the product and provide huge return to the company. If they see that the users are not returning even after using this freemium, it is better to shift towards advertising strategy. Gaining profit takes long time: Since clients take more time to change over as the estimation of the item to them increments over the long run, and in light of the fact that you continue including new free clients, freemium organizations take quite a while to achieve breakeven point. When they do they can be exceptionally beneficial, in light of the fact that your income every dynamic client becomes speedier than your expense every dynamic client, however it takes a while to reach breakeven. Equity financing (VCs and angels) or option wellsprings of income can help you cross over any barrier yet not everybody has that opportunity or needs to do that. 4. Drew Hotson, the CEO of Dropbox recognized to turn on their target towards the corporate customers. This was done after outpacing the giants of internet market like Amazon and Google. The consumer version of the Dropbox started at the price of $120per year in the year 2013. Dropbox started a new business product named Dropbox for Business. This featured unlimited administrative and storage control which will permit the employee to manage the documents of the employees. Further, this featured Single-Sign-On option that permitted employees to share and access to the important documents without any signing in process. Further, the Dropbox also partnership with the Salesforce, that provided the IT departments of many enterprises, to set different rules through their management tools (Re/code). The organization also joined hand with Microsoft to make the office apps available on the phones and tablets so as to make the sharing process easier (News.microsoft.com). 5. Apart from Freemium Pricing Model, the DropBox can also utilize: Perpetual License Model- This is a one-time payment system which the users has to pay upfront along with some additional fee for support and maintenance of the service. Consumption Model- This model permits the users to manage their own cost through managing of product quantum usage. Tiered Model- the main idea behind this model is to tie up the user with some pricing based on usage and value which can usually be servers, data volumes seats, modules etc. References Eisemann, Thomas R. 'Dropbox, It Just Works'. iknowbase.com. N.p., 2012. Web. 3 Feb. 2015. Gannes, Liz. 'Case Studies In Freemium: Pandora, Dropbox, Evernote, Automattic And Mailchimp'. Gigaom.com. N.p., 2010. Web. 3 Feb. 2015. Gobry, Pascal-Emmanuel. 'EXPLAINER: What Is The Freemium Business Model?'. Business Insider. N.p., 2011. Web. 3 Feb. 2015. News.microsoft.com,. 'Microsoft And Dropbox Announce Strategic Partnership To Give People More Freedom In How They Work | News Center'. N.p., 2014. Web. 3 Feb. 2015. Re/code,. 'Dropbox Zeros In On An Enterprise Strategy'. N.p., 2014. Web. 3 Feb. 2015.

Human Freedom and Personal Identity

According to Sigmund Freud, psychoanalysis is one of the basic consciousness and personal identity theories in which the difference and the inherent relationship between consciousness and unconsciousness are established.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Human Freedom and Personal Identity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Sigmud holds the view that there exists little if any necessity for us to characterize what is commonly regarded as conscious; for it refers to the same connotation as the consciousness of philosophers and of day to day opinion. As such, we regard every other thought or object as unconscious so long as it only exists in our mental faculties. In this manner, we are directed to make distinct divisions in this unconscious, for some processes are naturally conscious to the extent that they may be retrieved or remembered easily. This does yet again call our attention to the fact that consciousness is i n the overall sense of the word a highly fugitive condition, which is to mean that, whatever is conscious is conscious only for a short period of time (Chaffee, 2008, p.1). Thus, one can only regard every other unconscious thing as bearing the inherent potent of entering consciousness or rather as preconscious. In demonstrating a working knowledge of psychoanalysis theory of consciousness and personal identity it is clear that being conscious of my personal endowments, gifts and talents, in addition to the vast know how and skill in executing my business goals and objectives that nothing would hold me back from realizing my anticipated vision of diversifying my investment ventures to encompass a broad spectrum of worthy returns. Such a move would not only boost my self esteem but it would also be my solid foundation of financial stability upon which future entrepreneurial initiatives would be based (Perera, 2010, p. 1). Although deterministic theories of human freedom have been look ed down upon based on such assertions, evaluations and analysis that they are much more inferior to in-deterministic theories, for they offer us little if any aid in comprehending our lived experiences, the fact of the matter is that we always accord epistemological precedence to these determinist theories over the testimony of our lived experiences (Chaffee, 2008, p.1).Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, hard determinists hold the view that virtually all events – even human actions, are caused overriding the power of free choice, however to a certain measure human action can be taken to be ‘free’ if it is born out of inherent personal inspirations rather than external influences . In demonstrating a working knowledge of deterministic theory of human freedom it is clear that being focused and determined to harness my personal endowments, gifts and talents, the vast know how and skill in executing my business goals and objectives that no obstacle would be so complex for me to overcome and achieve my anticipated vision of diversifying my investment ventures to encompass a broad spectrum of worthy returns (Morrison, 1997, p.1). Such a determination would not only boost my business reputation but it would also be the most appropriate ideal and maxim which would steer the course of my plight to great heights of business excellence and thus act as the cornerstone of financial security for all upcoming ventures. Reference List Chaffee, D. (2008). Philosopher’s Way. Retrieved from www.digitalbookshelf.southuniversity.edu/#/books/0558564852/pages/28304069 Morrison, J. (1997). What is human freedom? Retrieved from www.jasonmorrison.net/content/1997/what-is-human-freedom/ Perera, K. (2010). Personal Identity. Retrieved from www.more-selfesteem.com/personal_identity_article.htm This essay on Human Freedom and Personal Identity was written and submitted by user Deon N. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Innovations in the Cell Phone Industry and Sustainability

Innovations in the Cell Phone Industry and Sustainability Abstract Environmental sustainability has been receiving corporate attention in the 21st century. Various industries have been employing different measures on how to ensure environmental safety. The cell phone industry has also entered into this noble initiative in a broad dimension.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Innovations in the Cell Phone Industry and Sustainability specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A polluted environment affects all the stakeholders including customers, suppliers, employees and the entire public. Therefore, firms should adhere to waste management practices in order to make good use of the by-products thereby enhancing environmental conservation techniques. The cell phone industry makes products that are friendly to the environment and develops mobile applications that can help in enhancing environmental sustainability. These innovative products also help in keeping the environment clea n. Innovations in the Cell Phone Industry and Sustainability Environmental sustainability entails making drastic decisions and actions towards protecting the environment. This initiative ensures that the environment is preserved thereby being able to support human life. Currently, this issue has been among the world’s top agendas, from multinational companies to individual levels and from different government departments to media houses. Organizations are instituting measures that will have less negative effects on the environment than before. Since all businesses have to use energy and release waste products, environmental sustainability tries to make these businesses engage in activities that make them sustainable in the present environs (Is Your Cell Phone Sustainable? 2011). In a recent survey on companies’ thinking on climate change, McKinsey and Company (2008) found that the greatest percentage of executives surveyed consider climate change strategically signific ant, and about 60% take it into account in developing and marketing new products.Advertising Looking for research paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The cell phone industry has not only been at the fore front in implementing some strategies that will enable them survive in the present atmosphere but also come up with innovative products that can assist in ensuring environmental sustainability. For instance, cell phone industries have tried to shrink their environmental footprints by manufacturing smaller and lighter cell phones (Technology Environmental Sustainability Initiatives n.d.). Smaller gadgets imply the use of less energy in transportation, recycling and reuse, less raw materials extracted and less shipping spaces. Currently, mobile phone manuals are distributed electronically thus reducing paper usage, which are always obtained from trees. From this perspective, cell phone indu stries are using innovation to promote a greener ecosystem. In addition, cell phone industries have made solar powered phones. This innovative idea is reducing overreliance on non-renewable sources of energy like electricity. Apart from the solar powered phones, most of the companies have designed energy efficient mobile phones; these phones take a long time before recharging thus saving money and minimizing gas emissions. This efficiency is seen in the way Nokia has reduced the amount of no-load energy by close to 90%. In 2007, Nokia sent alert into phones in alerting the public to unplug their chargers while, not in use. Nokia boasts of creating all their devices with an environmental mind. An example is the Nokia Lumia 820 (Apps services – Nokia 2013). It has an in-device user guide, packed in a small box made of renewable materials. However, a small printed guide with highlighted usage tips is on Green page while full information is available on nokia.com (Sustainable mo bile products 2013).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Innovations in the Cell Phone Industry and Sustainability specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This phone has maps that help in locating directions for pedestrians and travellers; this innovative idea reduces overreliance on papers. The materials are all recyclable and are free from harmful metals like nickel and mercury. Apple Company has powered all its facilities using renewable sources of energy. This initiative lessens carbon foot print, thereby raising the hopes of approaching a green ecosystem. To add to that, Apple introduced iPhone 3G ships that had PVC free USB cables, headphones and a free display mercury-arsenic (Apple Apple and the Environment 2013). A continuous study into the environmental status report of the phone shows that it has a recyclable aluminium enclosure and an efficient power adapter that outperforms strictest global energy. These were in line with the ENERGY STAR requirement. Clearly, these features reduce environmental impact. Even though a mobile phone is a small electronic gadget that causes a negligible impact to environmental degradation, a total number of 1.6 billion phones that were sold in 2011 cause a significant effect on the quantity of waste per unit. Therefore, this calls for measures on how to minimize waste in the environment. The cell phone industries like Nokia, Motorola, AT T have adopted the initiative of ensuring that they use non-plastic inserts and trays by the end of 2013 (Sustainable Mobile Phone n.d.). These packages such as the phone casing are to be made from less pollutant objects. The organic chemicals that were to be used in making batteries were to be less volatile in order to minimize pollutions.Advertising Looking for research paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, the cell phone industry has opted to recycle their products like battery contents and the casings which are environmentally friendly. In designing sustainable products, firms aim at yielding improvement in the environment and increased revenue, as well. Smart phones are made in a way that one is able to communicate with a large group of people at a time; they have cameras and USB cables for transfer of data. Some of its applications that have proved useful to environmental activist are discussed below. The first one is the Visibility App that measures the quality of air. One can use an Android Phone to take a picture of the atmosphere and transmits it to a centralized server to interpret, compare and generate the data (Ganguly 2012). Afterwards, the mobile operator receives a notification that indicates the extent of pollution. This app was the work of the University of South Carolina’s Robotic lab. The next application is the Leaf View Project. This app helps in discovering new species of plants and animals in a crowded environment. After identification, one has to compare it with the central database. Moreover, one can study the consequences of global warming on these species. Since global warming and climate change leads to species extinction; this app will assist in keeping these species within an environment hence helping to approach towards a greener ecosystem. Goods Guide and 3rd Whale are the other applications. They promote a greener and sustainable environment by scanning of sustainable products and businesses in the locality and with the assistance of the GiftRocket application; one can purchase products through phone. The 3rd Whale app uses a GPRS system to locate the businesses and products. There is also the VerdeEnergy and EnergySaver application in the smart phones. These apps help in tracking energy consumption and planning for efficient utilization of energy in homesteads. A controlled energy usage enhances the cleanliness of an environment. The fifth app is the EcoSpeed and GreenMeter; they are used in tracking a vehicle’s fuel efficiency and daily movements. Of much interest is that EcoSpeed app can identify routes that consume less fuel than other routes. Clearly, the apps help to minimize environmental pollution that could have resulted due to excess use of fuel. There is also the Bar code technology that can be used to control illegal felling of trees (Ganguly 2012). In this technology, trees are assigned codes that are fed in the central database. Helveta Company is applying this technology to Forest cutters such that trees that are brought at the company without bar codes are deemed illegal. These smart phone applications, undoubtedly, assist in achieving environmental sustainability. The giant cell phone industry Samsung developed Eco-Design Assessment system in 2004. This assessment technique was to ensure that all Samsung’s products complied with the global environmental regul ations (Eco-Design 2013). In 2009, eco-rating system came in force. In terms of product development there is the Samsung Galaxy Note II; in this smart phone, one can create, edit and store documents. Using the S Pen, one can write and store data; therefore, this technology minimizes the use of papers, wooden pencils and plastic pens. Notably, elimination of these writing materials will help create sustainable and greener ecosystems. The short life span of smart phones is a key challenge to the cell phone industries (Mobile Phones n.d.). This shows that consumers dispose a high number of these products annually thus resulting to immense environmental degradation. These phones have a sizeable amount of minerals like gold and copper, toxic metals like mercury and lead in sizeable amounts. Since a high number of smart phones are disposed within a short time, the small amount of toxic metals multiply thus causing underground water and air pollution. Additionally, cell phone industries fa ce an uphill task of eliminating electromagnetic radiations that mobile phones emit to the environment. Specifically, mobile phones use microwave which is harmful to human health. Some researchers had shown the relationship between biological effects and exposure to mobile phones. The WHO in 2011 also noted that use of mobile phones can cause health risks. Recently, some researchers found out that cell phones can affect the brain and salivary gland tumours. These observations pose immense challenges to the cell phone industries in introducing their products in the market. In addition, another research showed that heavy mobile phone users are over 40% prone to contracting brain cancer (Mobile Phones n.d.). Even though there are still uncertainties on these observations, consumers remain alert on the possible consequences of using large phones like the smart phones. Further, the manufacture and replacement of integrated circuits are the main cause of electronic waste. Cell phone indus tries will have to institute mass education on the health risks of using mobile phones, since there is still no concrete evidence to prove the claimed effects. This initiative will be a costly one, but it will help in altering the perceptions of the public towards purchasing new mobile phones. For instance, iPhones have wide surface area; one can assume that it has more radioactive emission thereby avoiding them. Additionally, these industries ought to carry out numerous researches in order to manufacture greener mobile phones (Johnstone 2013).) Therefore, the mobile devices should have minimal heath risks, long lifespan, be recyclable at the end of life and perform efficiently. App developers are constantly coming up with new apps that are useful as they aid the current activities. These apps are developed in the new sustainable products so that they continue serving their purpose. The cell phone industries should understand the nature of their markets when manufacturing their prod ucts. For instance, they should make the applications look easy to understand so that all customers can buy and find it easy to use. Samsung should carry out more sale promotions on different media about their Galaxy cell phones than before. The same should apply to the Apple Company in advertising their iPhones. Since environmentally friendly products have adverse favourable effects to the environment, these companies should clearly outline the overall benefits of their products to the customers (Mobile phone industry takes baby steps toward sustainability 2009). Markedly, the companies should have a strategy or forecast on how to serve different customers who cannot afford some phones of high prices. The cell phone industry has adopted environmentally friendly approaches that if all industries can replicate, then the environment will remain sustainable for all. From their energy conservation measures like Apple’s use of renewable source of energy to development of environme ntally-friendly batteries that use less energy in the long run, they are working towards a sustainable environment. The industry has also adopted phone recycling mechanisms and targets educating their consumers on these measures. Through innovation, the firms have made tremendous steps towards approaching a greener ecosystem. This is evident from the entire essay. However, the cell phone companies have to develop greener mobile phones with applications which will help in enhancing environmental sustainability. Bibliography Apple Apple and the Environment 2013. Apple. Web. Apps services Nokia 2013. Cell Phones and Smartphones Nokia USA. Web. Eco-Design. 2013. About Samsung. Web. Environment Sustainability n.d., Samsung US. Web. Ganguly, A. 2012. Save the Environment Using Cell Phones. Sustainable-Sphere. Web. Is Your Cell Phone Sustainable? 2011. Sustainable Business, Green Business, Renewable Energy, Organic Green Investing, Green Capital. Web. Johnstone, A. 2013. Mobile Pho nes and Environmental Sustainability. Adam M. Johnston, B.A. | Freelance Writer on Renewable Energy, Technology, Globalization, Soccer, and Video Games. Web. Mobile Phones n.d., UL Environment. Web. Mobile phone industry takes baby steps toward sustainability 2009. English | Radio Netherlands Worldwide. Web. Sustainable Mobile Phone n.d., Lowell Center for Sustainable Production. Web. Sustainable mobile products 2013, January 5. Cell Phones and Smartphones Nokia – USA. Web. Technology Environmental Sustainability Initiatives n.d., ATT Cell Phones, U- verse, Digital TV, DSL Internet, and Phone Service. Web.

Nakheel Communication Strategy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Nakheel Communication Strategy - Case Study Example Nakheel has so far undertaken its entire developmental works in Dubai only. After having consolidating its position in the real estate sector, the company has established Nakheel Hotels & Resorts, a new hotel and resort investment company since February 2006. With the kind of professionalism that Nakheel has displayed in the real estate business, it is sure to percolate down to this new venture as well. 'Communication' as such is defined as an art of developing an understanding between people, communities, societies, civilizations etc. Communication therefore forms a crucial part of managerial activities. Marketing communication in turn helps a company in building a brand, creating brand loyalties, increase in sales, cutting costs, etc. Dubai, a very attractive destination for anyone around the world, has been shaped by the beautiful developmental projects that Nakheel built on the reclaimed lands. Dubai market is a very diverse market in general which caters to customers/ consumers from different walks of life, different cultures, ethnic groups and age groups. There are very high profile customers that have expressed faith in the abilities of Nakheel. Having a satisfied customer base, in general, helps in spreading good words about the company. This forms part of the communication strategy of any organisation. In today's market driven economy concept, the art of communication to e xisting consumers as well as prospective consumers takes a great deal out of the managerial brain storming sessions. Some of the projects of Nakheel, like The Palm and The World have attracted people from different countries with varying degrees of interest. Buyers on The Palm Jumeirah include many high personalities like David Beckham, Michael Owen, and Shah Rukh Khan. These people, in a way become brand ambassadors for the company, which pays rich dividends in the long run. Now a days Corporations are supposed to remain in continuous touch with their customers, suppliers, bankers, government and the general public. This requires appropriate communication techniques with different groups or segments. Some of the communication happens to be casual, some is made to be informative while some other is designed to be persuasive (Kotler, 1974). If a company can master the art of communication, it can very well take on its competitors. Some of the videos that the company has put up on its website appear to be shot at interesting angles and are very appealing and attractive for anybody desirous of having a look at the company. Though it requires a good amount of money to produce such videos, which are rich in content and quality, but once produced, these types of corporate communication strategies prove to be worth the efforts. In order to remain in touch with its internal and external partners, Nakheel has developed a BrandHub, an easy-to-use project communicat ion tool. In order to leverage the economies of scale and operations, the company has strategic tie-ups with companies like The Trump Organization, IFA Hotels & Resorts, Kerzner International, Island Global Yachting, Greg Norman Golf Course Design, Taj Luxury Hotels, The Fairmont, Mvenpick, Kempinski, Jumeirah Hotel Operators etc. This way the company can forge a mutually beneficial

The problems of Cyprus Airways during the recent years Essay

The problems of Cyprus Airways during the recent years - Essay Example It flies to many destinations in Europe, the Middle East and the Gulf region through its scheduled operations. Its main operational base was the Nicosia International Airport, which had to be abandoned in 1974 subsequent to the Turkish invasion of the Turkish areas of Cyprus. It now uses the Larnaca International Airport as its main hub and also has a hub at Paphos International Airport. It was on September 24, 1947 that Cyprus Airways came into being as a joint business venture consisting of the Cypriot government, British European Airways and private investors. Commercial operations started on April 18, 1948 through a Douglas DC – 3 aircraft flying on regional routes out of Nicosia, the capital of Cyprus. On the basis of a charter agreement use of British European Vickers Viscount airliners commenced five years later on April 18, 1953. Another five years down the line British European Airways took over the operational aspects of all Cyprus Airways services from January 26, 1958. Expansions to the business activities of Cyprus Airways took place through the establishment of a wholly-owned charter subsidiary in 1992, as a means to tap the growing IT charter market in and out of Cyprus. A decade down the line it founded Hellas Jet in Athens, Greece, in 2002 with a seventy-five percent share in the carrier. These were the days of prosperity for Cyprus Airways. The current ownership of the Cyprus is more than sixty-nine percent with the Government of Cyprus and the rest with private shareholders making it a more of a public sector undertaking. It has tried to incorporate quality as strategy in its business model with its Business class and Economy class offering upgraded in-flight service that goes well in comparison with the quality conscious international airlines. (1). In May 2004, Cyprus joined the European Union and by August 2004, Cyprus Airways was fighting for its survival (2). In 2004 Cyprus Airways reported a net loss of CYP 39.4 million,

PoL Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

PoL - Essay Example 298). The nature of management work is to bring together the three forms of leadership: adaptive, administrative and enabling. The bringing together of these three forms of leadership, the interaction between the â€Å"bureaucratic, administrative functions of the organization and the emergent, informal dynamics of CAS† are reflected (Uhl-Bien et al 2007, p. 298). In this regard, management works overseas adaptive leadership which refers to adapting to, being creative and learning to act within and from the CAS interactions for the purpose of adjusting to changes within and outside of the organization. Administrative leadership organizes roles within the organization. The nature of management work under the guise of enabling leadership functions to â€Å"catazlyze the conditions in which adaptive leadership† may exist and management interactions among all aspects of leadership (Uhl-Bien et al 2007, p. 305). Delegation and empowerment follows from the complexity leadership theory’s entanglement of three leadership operatives. Thus, the delegated power falls to CAS or â€Å"complexity adaptive emergent forces† (Uhl-Bien et al 2007, p. 305). Ideally, adaptive leadership (the delegated power) functions together with the administrative leaders or can resist administrative leadership. In other words, the adaptive leadership may cooperate with administrative leadership with a view to augmenting its strategies or it can resist administrative leadership or it can function as an independent arm of the organization (Uhl-Bien et al 2007). What emerges is Network dynamics which refers to the â€Å"contexts and mechanisms that enable adaptive leadership ((Uhl-Bien et al 2007, p. 307). What occurs is an â€Å"interactive ambiance† in which complicated â€Å"dynamics occur† accompanied by patterned conduct the â€Å"produce complex outcomes† (Uhl-Bien et al

Nature and Extent of Domestic Violence

Nature and Extent of Domestic Violence It is important to point out here that an adult is classed as any person over the age of eighteen years old. Family members are said to include mothers, fathers, sons, daughters, brothers, sisters or grandparents. It is also important to point out that using the term family members does not only mean that those directly related are included in this definition of domestic violence, as in-laws or step-family members are also defined as being family members (Home Office, 2010). The Association of Chief Police Officers (ACPO) and the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) also use this definition of domestic violence (ACPO, 2008). It is not uncommon, however, for various other agencies to have different definitions of domestic violence. This can prove to be a considerable problem when attempting to design and deliver services specifically aimed at tackling the problem of domestic violence (Humphries, Hester, Hague, Mullender, Abrahams and Lowe, 2000). This is a problem that will be considered in more depth in Chapter 4 when examining the implications of taking a multi-agency approach to tackling domestic violence. The extent of the problem According to the Home Office (2010): Domestic violence accounts for 14% of all violent incidents One incident of domestic violence is reported to the police every minute One in four women and one in six men will be a victim of domestic violence in their lifetime with women at a greater risk of repeat victimisation and serious injury Domestic violence currently claims the lives of around two women a week The victims The definition of domestic violence given by the government states that domestic violence occurs regardless of gender (Home Office, 2010; ACPO, 2008). This would suggest that victims of domestic violence are equally likely to be male as they are female. However, whilst it is true that both men and women can be victims of domestic violence, statistics show that in most cases of domestic violence the victims are women. On top of this, the government follow the statistic one in four women and one in six men will be a victim of domestic violence in their lifetime with with women at a greater risk of repeat victimisation and serious injury (Home Office, 2010) but fail to point out that the former part of the statistic is based on one-off events (Womens Aid, 2010a). With women being at an increased chance of repeat victimisation, the gap between the extents to which women experience domestic violence compared to men is probably much wider than government statistics tell us. It is for this reason that the main focus throughout this piece of work is on violence against women. In addition to all of this, it is once again vital to stress that, given the hidden nature of domestic violence, it will always be difficult to know exactly how many people men or women are victimised in their lifetime because of domestic violence. The nature of the problem It is firstly extremely significant to point out domestic violence is rarely a one-off event and, as mentioned previously, women are particularly likely to experience repeat victimisation (Home Office, 2010). Secondly, in every case of domestic violence power and control over the victim are remarkably evident. These points alone stress the fact that domestic violence is a devastating problem; however, by looking further into the nature of the abuse it is clear that this devastating problem is also awfully complicated. It would be fair to say that physical violence is the first thing that comes to mind when considering the type of abuse that a victim of domestic violence may suffer. However, by looking at the Government definition of domestic violence it becomes clear that most cases are much more complicated than this, as physical violence is just one element of domestic violence and domestic violence can occur with or without it. Other attributes of domestic violence, as stated in the Government definition, include threatening behaviour and/or psychological, physical, sexual, financial or emotional abuse (Home Office, 2010; ACPO, 2008). The Wheel of Violence (or sometimes referred to as the Wheel of Power and Control) reiterates this idea as it has been developed to show the different types of behaviour that constitute domestic violence (Womens Aid, 2007) and all of these behaviours are based on power and control. The Wheel of Violence suggests that there are eight different ways in which a perpetrator can gain power and control over their victim. These are: using coercion and threats, using intimidation, using emotional abuse, using isolation, minimizing, denying and blaming, using children, using male privilege and using economic abuse. A Wheel of Non-Violence (or sometimes referred to as the Wheel of Equality) has also been developed to show what a non-violent partnership looks like in comparison (Womens Aid, 2007). This wheel is also made up of eight components which include negotiation and fairness, respect and trust and support. Both of these wheels have been developed by the Duluth Domestic Abuse Intervention Project but are widely used by many agencies in the United Kingdom in an attempt to explain the nature of this complicated problem. During a three-day period of observing the work of the Sunflower Centre, a multi-agency support centre in Northampton, a copy of these wheels were provided and are included in Appendix 2. The point that is trying to be conveyed here is that in every case of domestic violence devastating harm is caused to the victim and when considering just how many victims there are, it is clear that something needs to be done to tackle this huge and complicated problem. However, because of the complicated nature of this problem, it often requires a response frequently involving more than one agency (Dominy Radford, 1996: 43). This is why, before discussing any multi-agency initiatives that attempt to tackle violence against women, it is important to consider which agencies come into contact with victims of domestic violence, why they may come into contact with them and how they, as a single agency, attempt to tackle the problem. Agencies concerned with tackling domestic violence Gill Hague, Ellen Malos and Wendy Dear (1996: 23-28) give an insight into who the major players are when it comes to dealing with domestic violence. They state that there are numerous agencies that come into contact with victims of domestic violence including those agencies who specialise in the issue and those in which domestic violence work forms only a small percentage of their duties (Hague et al, 1996: 23). The agencies listed in the work of Hague, Malos and Dear is provided here, however, a variety of sources will be used to explain why these particular agencies regularly come into contact with victims of domestic violence and how they attempt to tackle the problem. Womens Aid and local womens refuges Womens Aid are a core agency in attempting to tackle domestic violence as they are a national charity that specialise in violence against women. They work hard to help women who have suffered or are suffering violence in numerous ways. Firstly, they work hard to protect victims of domestic violence by ensuring that there are adequate laws, policies and practices in place for victims of domestic violence. Secondly, they try to prevent violence against women through their ongoing publicity campaigns and educational programmes and thirdly they provide numerous services for victims of domestic violence both locally (such as local refuges) and nationally (such as the National Domestic Violence Helpline). Womens Aid help approximately 250,000 women and children every year  (Womens Aid, 2010b)

Macbeth - Murder At Inverness Castle :: essays research papers

On Macbeth’s day of success he was greeted by three weird sisters, the witches, and in turn they said, the first witch to him, all hail to the thane of Gladis, this came as no surprise to him as he already held this title, the second witch then said to him, all hail thane of Cawdor, this interested him, he wondered why would he be made thane of Cawdor when the current thane of Cawdor was a noble gentleman, then came the turn of the third and ultimate witch, she said to Machbeth, all hail to the King, at this instant Machbeth was fascinated he was immediately over come with his ambition to become the King of Scotland. The three weird sisters left. A matter of seconds later Macbeth was told that he was to be thane of Cawdor, Macbeth now realised that the next prophecy was him becoming king. Next he is told by the king that he will be staying In his castle Duncan the King was to stay in Machbeth’s castle, was this a sign set up by the witches, Macbeth was either to wait u ntil Duncan died naturally or was he to kill him. Machbeth wrote a letter to his wife, lady Macbeth to tell her of the happenings on his day of success, now lady Macbeth realised what must be done, that when Duncan came that night he was to be killed and she would be made queen, Queen of Scotland. At this point lady Macbeth uses the comparison of the raven the bird of darkness, of death and of hell. At this point lady Macbeth speaks to the spirits of the witches, In her famous un-sex me speech, she asks the witches that for one night to take all her feminine qualities such as remorse compassion regret and sorrow, she says, come to my woman’s breasts and take my milk for gall, she does not even want the female quality to be able to give milk, because she feels that a woman does not have the ability to kill an innocent man, she wants all her qualities which will dis able her to kill Duncan taken from her. Now Macbeth returns to greet his wife, Lady Macbeth tells him Duncan comes here to night and explains that he must die and they were to kill him, She tells him to look like the innocent flower but be the serpent under, meaning to kill Duncan and take pleasure from it, stab him when he is already dead, but when the body is found act astonished like it suprises you and disgusts you.

Every child is special Essay

Every child is special. Every child has its own personality. Every child tries to endeavor and focus best in its life. Primarily, every child has its own dreams. But the main factor to ponder is, for us to understand his/her dreams. And the truth is, we lack stability, patience and understanding as far as the child is concern. The movie, Every Child Is Special, was about a certain child named Ishaan Awasthi. Ishaan was a talented child; he can think outside the box and paint with such passion and creativity. But he was not understood by his teachers, he was only thought of as a mischievous and a very naughty boy. He was often called an â€Å"idiot, duffer, lazy and crazy†, even his parents didn’t understand him. They only thought that the boy was misbehaving because he did not want to go to school. It is perhaps the structure and restrictions of the normal expectations of the school system that rub him the wrong way, because one day, after having been punished by being sent by the teacher to stand in the hallway, he goes AWOL and wanders the streets, savoring the exciting sights of tourist-film India. He appears to be somewhat hyperactive. If his parents attempted to have him tested, it may be that he never sat still long enough to get a diagnosis. After finding out that Ishaan will be kicked out of school after the school year, his parents decided to send him to a boarding school where Ishaan suffered more from his strict teachers. These incidents crushed Ishaan’s confidence in him and he became depressed, very depressed. He did not speak to anyone, not even to his mother or his brother. No one would even try to help him because they did not try to understand him. Luckily he met Ram Shankar Nikumbh, the temporary art teacher, saw himself in Ishaan, he stayed persistent to help Ishaan in his studies and his life. Through his unconventional teaching methods and graceful presence, Ishaan’s attention was caught up. Ram did everything to understand Ishaan’s problem in reading and writing, he consulted Ishaan’s parents and told them that Ishaan has dyslexia, wherein he finds it hard to recognize letters and numbers. I love where he tells Ishaan’s father that in the Solomon Islands, villagers don’t chop down a tree when they want to clear land, but curse and hurl abuses at it, and the tree withers and dies soon after. Ram helped Ishaan in every way, first he gave Ishaan a confidence boost so that he will not be afraid to express  himself, and then, he also gave Ishaan lessons in writing, reading and in math. Ram taught Ishaan using different methods, he made learning fun by applying games to his lessons. Gradually, Ishaan begun to improve in his studies, he has now little trouble in reading, he can right properly and can solve math problems. Teaching should not only be done in one way, we should use different ways to teach our students because each and every one of us has a unique and special talent. It is also good to understand the needs of our students, let them be free – free to imagine, free to learn in their own special way. Listen to your students opinions and learn from it. Somehow the movie touched in an exceptional way and it broke my heart seeing that the dear people that child thought would understand him were the very ones who judged him and failed to understand his problem. But I cannot really judge the parents though, all they wanted was the best for their child that is why they tried so hard to push him and discipline him at the same time. It tug the heartstrings and at the same time gives hope that having dyslexia is not a desperate and in hopeless situation. To help the students, family support, teacher’s patience and love is needed, so with the interesting and enjoyable teaching and learning strategies should be employed. The theory of multiple intelligences in education plays an important role here and that can be a vessel in informing the teachers and most importantly the parents for them to assist their children. With time, patience and care, he ultimately helps Ishaan find himself and the harsh father realized his child’s wo rth and needs.

cryptonym - definition and examples of cryptonym

cryptonym - definition and examples of cryptonym Definition A cryptonym is a word or name thats secretly used to refer to a particular person, place, activity, or thing; a code word or name. A well-known example is Operation Overlord, the cryptonym  for the Allied invasion of German-occupied western Europe during World War II. The term cryptonym is derived from two Greek words meaning hidden and name. See Examples and Observations below. Also see: Name That -nym: A Brief Introduction to Words and NamesPseudonym Examples and Observations Cryptonyms are  often temporary, are known to only a select group of people, and are usually of unrelated or at best covert meaning. Some  cryptonyms are  simply combinations of letters and figures.(Adrian Room,  An Alphabetical Guide to the Language of Name Studies. Scarecrow, 1996)Reinhard was the cryptonym for the German plan to exterminate the Jews of Poland.(MichaÅ‚ Grynberg, Words to Outlive Us: Voices From the Warsaw Ghetto. Macmillan, 2002) White House CryptonymsThe Oval Offices next occupant opted for this moniker [Renegade] after being presented with a list of names beginning with the letter R. As custom dictates, the rest of his familys code names will be alliterative: wife Michelle is known as Renaissance; daughters Malia and Sasha are Radiance and Rosebud, respectively.(Renegade: President-elect Barack Obama. Time magazine, November 2008) CIA CryptonymsThe true identities of  cryptonyms are  among the most precious secrets of the Central Intelligence Agenc y (CIA).- The CIA often used multiple cryptonyms for the same entity to strengthen operational security and maintain compartmentalization of the information.In the CIA nomenclature, cryptonyms always appear in capital letters. The first two letters were used for cryptographic security and were based on factors such as the geography or type of operation.  The rest of  the cryptonym  was a word selected randomly from a dictionary, in principle with no particular relation to the place or person  the cryptonym  was supposed to mask. However, it is not difficult to imagine tongue-in cheek CIA officers picking words like wahoo for Albanian, drink for Greece, credo for Rome, gypsy for communist, roach for Yugoslavia, crown for United Kingdom, steel for Soviet Union, and metal for Washington, D.C.(Albert Lulushi,  Operation Valuable Fiend: The CIAs First Paramilitary Strike Against the Iron Curtain. Arcade, 2014)- Vladimir I. Vetrovwho had the cryptonym FAREWELLreported to Weste rn intelligence services that the Soviets had placed bugs on the printers used by the French intelligence service for communications.(Ronald Kessler, Inside the CIA. Simon Schuster, 1992)- The longtime personal physician of the Castros mother and some of her daughters was a reporting source. Bernardo Milanes, known to  the Agency by  his cryptonym  AMCROAK, was recruited in December 1963 in Madrid. At the time he and others were plotting an assassination attempt against [Fidel] Castro.(Brian Latell,  Castros Secrets: The CIA and Cubas Intelligence Machine. Palgrave Macmillan, 2012)-  The Farm was known officially by the  cryptonym  ISOLATION. The names of places and operations were a special language in the Agency.(Don DeLillo,  Libra. Viking, 1988)-  Flower was the overall top-secret code-name designator given to anti-Qaddafi operations and plans. Only about two dozen officials, including the President and Casey, were given access.Under Flower, Tulip was the code name for a CIA covert operation designed to topple Qaddafi by supporting anti-Qaddafi exile movements.(Bob Woodward, Veil: The Secret Wars of the CIA, 1981-1987. Simon and Schuster, 2005) Pronunciation: KRIP-te-nim

King Egbert of Wessex

King Egbert of Wessex Egbert of Wessex was also known as: Egbert the Saxon; sometimes spelled Ecgberht or Ecgbryh. Has been called the first king of all England and the first king of all the English. Egbert of Wessex was noted for: Helping to make Wessex such a powerful kingdom that England was eventually unified around it. Because he was accepted as king in Essex, Kent, Surrey and Sussex and for a time also managed to conquer Mercia, he has been called the first king of all England. Occupations: KingMilitary Leader Places of Residence and Influence: EnglandEurope Important Dates: Born: c. 770Died: 839 About Egbert of Wessex: Probably born as early as 770 but possibly as late as 780, Egbert was the son of  Ealhmund (or Elmund), who, according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, had been a king in Kent  in 784. Virtually nothing is known of his life up to 789, when he was driven into exile  by  the West Saxon king Beorhtric with the help of his formidable ally,  the Mercian king Offa. It is possible he may have spent  some time at the court of Charlemagne. A few years later, Egbert returned to Britain, where his subsequent activities for the next decade remain a mystery. In 802, he succeeded Beorhtric as king of Wessex and removed the kingdom from the Mercian confederation, establishing himself as an independent ruler. Once again, information is scant,  and scholars have no idea what actually took place over the next decade. In or about 813, Egbert spread devastation in Cornwall from east to west (according to the  Chronicle). Ten years later he embarked on a campaign against Mercia, and scored a victory but at a bloody price. His hold on Mercia was tentative, but his military endeavors secured the conquest of Kent,  Surrey, Sussex and Essex. In 825, Egbert defeated the Mercian king Beornwulf at the Battle of Ellendune. This victory altered the balance of power in England, raising the power of Wessex at the expense of Mercia. Four years later he would conquer Mercia, but in 830 he lost it to Wiglaf. Still, Egberts power base was unrivaled in England during his lifetime, and in 829 he was proclaimed Bretwalda, ruler of all Britain. More Egbert Resources: Egbert of Wessex in the Anglo-Saxon ChronicleEgbert of Wessex in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, page twoEgbert of Wessex on the Web   Egbert of Wessex in Print: The link below will take you to an online bookstore, where you can find more information about the book to help you get it from your local library. This is provided as a convenience to you; neither Melissa Snell nor About is responsible for any purchases you make through this link. The Warrior Kings of Saxon Englandby Ralph Whitlock Medieval Renaissance Monarchs of EnglandDark-Age BritainEarly Europe   Chronological Index Geographical Index Index by Profession, Achievement, or Role in Society The text of this document is copyright  ©2007-2016 Melissa Snell. You may download or print this document for personal or school use, as long as the URL below is included. Permission is   not  granted to reproduce this document on another website. For publication permission,  please   contact  Melissa Snell. The URL for this document is:http://historymedren.about.com/od/ewho/p/who_kingegbert.htm

What is the Height of Human Happiness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

What is the Height of Human Happiness - Essay Example To do this, I had to ensure I had a strong concept of what both Aristotle and Augustine were saying and identify those ideas that caused me to react in some way, whether because I strongly agreed or strongly disagreed with what was being said. In the end, the words of these philosophers helped me better identify my own thoughts. Aristotle’s Parts of Animals chapter 5 identifies happiness as one of those â€Å"ungenerated, imperishable and eternal† things that are â€Å"excellent beyond compare and divine, but less accessible to knowledge† (656). Since it’s easier for us to understand the material things that are around us, most of us choose to remain focused on this lower level of thought most of the time. However, when contemplating nature, Aristotle says, we can often come across something that will inspire us to think into the upper plain. â€Å"For if some have no graces to charm the sense, yet even these, by disclosing to intellectual perception the artistic spirit that designed them, give immense pleasure to all who can trace links of causation, and are inclined to philosophy (656-657). These thoughts are what will bring us the highest form of happiness because they bring us into a closer comprehension of the creator just like studying the particular strokes and quirks of t he artist will often reveal much about the personality who created the painting. If we can attain the greatest happiness through this understanding or perception of the divine within the natural, then it follows that â€Å"we should venture on the study of every kind of animal without distaste; for each and all will reveal

Segregation and Disenfranchisement of African-Americans from 1875 to Research Paper

Segregation and Disenfranchisement of African-Americans from 1875 to 1900 - Research Paper Example These segregations and disenfranchisement were witnessed in both the Southern and Northern states (Andrews 54). After the American Civil war in 1870, the endorsement of the Fifteenth Amendment on the American constitution followed, preventing any state from denying any male citizen the right to vote based on racial prejudgments. The African American community made up the majority population in states such as Mississippi and Louisiana besides forming a sizeable population in other former Confederate states. The whites in these states resisted the rights of the freedman to exercise political power, will, and right. The whites feared black dominance and practised violence, assassinations, and intimidation to thwart the efforts of the freedman to participate in active politics in the last quarter of the 19th century. Consequently, Black voting reduced remarkably in most Southern States giving white democrats a chance to regain control of the political offices of the region (Rable 103). T his research attempts to retrace the developments that took place concerning segregation and disenfranchisement of African Americans from 1875 to 1900. Segregation and Disenfranchisement of African-Americans (1875-1900) In 1875, the Congress approved the first Civil Rights Act that assured the black community equal rights in restaurants, theatres, juries and transportation. The law was however brought down in 1883 on court orders, with the court taking the stance that the Constitution mandates the Congress to act only on discrimination by government and not by citizens. Besides the court system, there were other forces that adamantly fought to ensure the African American Community did not exercise their right to vote. For example, a paramilitary group called the Red Shirts, formed in Mississippi 1875, fought against racial equality in North and South Carolina (DuBois 26). It was a well organized and open society consisting of armed confederate soldiers that worked for political aims . This group intended to remove the republicans from office and scare the freedmen to keep them from voting. The Red Shirts was just one of the groups in the Southern States that were determined to keep the black community away from the polls and ensure a white democratic took over the southern governments in the elections of 1876 (Kousser 85). The other example that highlight racial segregation in late 19th century was the Battle of Little Big Horn, which the Cheyenne Indians and Sioux won 1876 with the killing of General Custer George. This battle was a consequence of continued violation of the 1868 Fort Laramie Treaty that saw white Americans move in droves to seek gold in the Black Hills. This was an intrusion into African American territory and invasion of property. In the political spheres, the election of President Rutherford Hayes in 1877 saw Reconstruction grind to a stop. Most of the federal soldiers in the south were withdrawn and those that remained did little to protect the rights of the African American Community. This year also witnessed the return of the ‘home rule’ to the previously secessionist states. With the return of this rule began the rekindling of white supremacy, racial segregation, and disenfranchisement of the freedman. As a result, strikes and sit-ins were organized with the first national strike occurring in this period. This violent strike that was directed at the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad company saw the death of 19 people (DuBois 39). The

Aerodynamics Homework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Aerodynamics Homework - Essay Example ility develops forces that move it further from its position and neutral stability enables the aircraft to maintain the position without moving forward and backward. Control refers to the effectiveness of displacement of regulating features of an aircraft that determines the rate at which the attitudes and direction of flight can be altered. Aircraft control plays a critical role in other features such as stability and maneuvarabilty since it can easily respond to manipulations. Maneuverability is the ability of an aircraft to change direction and attitude as required. Maneuverability is vital in maintaining the stability of an aircraft. This implies that for an aircraft to maintain stability, it must have the tendency of returning to the straight, upright and level attitude (Skiba, 2002). Maintaining a straight level flight and a suitable stability requires aircraft designers build bodies in different levels of static and dynamic stability. The wings of the Spirit of St. Louis were attached above the weight. Charles Lindberg was impressed with the lateral stability of aircraft because the weight that was low above the wing would act as a pendulum to minimise chances of rolling if one if one wing dropped. This type of stability is positive since it was intended to return the aircraft to its original position in case of a disturbance (Skiba,

The United States education Essay Example for Free

The United States education Essay I studied in Korea for 14 years. But, now I have been studying in US. Knowledge of the United States education can be helped to understand US culture. There are similarities and differences between Korea and US educations. Korea and US educations have similarities. First, we study almost the same subjects like English, Math, Science, and P. E. So some Korean students who had studied in Korea’s school can understand pretty well in USA College, even though their English skill is not so high. Second, Korea and USA classroom have almost the same equipment (especially college). There are chairs and desks, blackboard, chalks, and backboard for some notices. However, both educations have a lot of differences. First, Korea’s class is bigger than US class. Korea’s class usually has 40~50 students. But US class has just 15~20 students. So US teachers have more attention than Korea teachers to the students. Second, Most Korean students usually studied alone in the classes. But, now we have to discuss with our classmates in US classes. Discussions require to student more activity. So most American students are more activity than Korean students. Finally, the biggest difference between Korea and the United States is teacher’s teaching skills. Most Korean teachers want to memorize the textbook for all students. So, Korean students try to memorize the textbook. But US teachers require summarizing information from textbook. US teaching skill help students to be more creative and active. In conclusion, US education requires to students to be creative and active but, Korea education want to be same for all the students. That makes competition between students. This competition can be helpful, but actually it makes a lot of problem. Korea education has to change more creative and active like US education.